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RISC Vs CISC

Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC):-

                                                                          RISC is a microprocessor. It is designed to perform a smaller number of types of computer instructions so that it can operate at a higher speed and it performs more millions of instructions per second. It is arguably the fastest and most efficient microprocessor technology available today

 Complex Instruction Set Computer (CISC):-

                                                                                      CISC is another type of microprocessor. CISC architecture contains a large set of computer instructions that range from very simple to very complex and specialized. Most of personal computers use a CISC architecture, in which the CPU supports as many as two hundred instructions. Design was intended to compute complex instructions in the most efficiently way and later it was found that many small, short instructions could compute complex instructions more efficiently.

RISC                                                                         

-Consists of few &Simple instructions

-Fixed Length instructions

-Execute an instruction in one machine cycle.

CISC

-Consists of Complex instructions

-Variable length instructions

-Executes an instruction in two to ten Machine cycles.

Distributed Computing

Distributed Computing:

                                                      A distributed computer system consists of multiple software components that are on multiple computers, but run as a single system. The computers that are in a distributed system can be physically close together and connected by a local network, or they can be geographically distant and connected by a wide area network. 

(Reference: http://publib.boulder.ibm.com/)

Step by Step Linux Installation Guide

Linux installation:

 Installing Linux:

Linux is an operating system. It is the software on a computer that assists applications and the computer machinist to access the devices on the computer to perform desired functions. The processor completes the instructed task, and then refers the results back to the application by the operating system

a. Identifying distribution:

Ubuntu is an open-source operating system (OS) based on the Debian GNU/Linux distribution. Ubuntu was first released in 2004. The project is sponsored by Canonical Ltd., a U.K.-based company that generates revenue by selling support and services. There are many Versions of Ubuntu. They are Ubuntu 13.10, Ubuntu 12.10, Ubuntu 12.04.2, Ubuntu 12.04.1 LTS and Current Version is Ubuntu 12.04.4 LTS.For the Installation, I have Selected Ubuntu 12.10.It is installed in Oracle Virtual Box.

Process Involved in Linux Installation

Key Stages:

-Select Language Type and Click Install Ubuntu

-Create New Partition Table and click install now

-Choose the location and click continue

Fig 4:- Select the keyboard language and click continue

-Create User Name and Password and click continue

b. Description of Disk partitioning (e.g. partition options, partition size):

As disk partition is done in virtual box we have allocated the minimum memory space. Disk partitioning is selected customize and set in the following ways in Virtual Box.

-Choose installation type

-Choose New Partition Table

-Create Partition give size and mount point

Mount Part, and Choose the Mount Points:

Partition number	Mount point	Size (MB)
1	/boot	500
2	/home	5000
3	/var	5000
4	/usr	5000
5	/tmp	5000
6	/root	20914
Total		Nearly 40 GB

Database

Database and Database Management System:

A database is the way of storing, manipulating and retrieving the data. Different data can be stored in database. Huge amount of data can be stored in the database management system. Database makes easier to get the information from the database management system.(Gupta:2009)

A Database Management System (DBMS) is an assortment of programs that allows users creating and maintaining a database. Database management system helps in storing and manipulating the data in easier way. We can easily access the different complex data from the database management system. It is easier to store data from the Database Management System. In Database Management System the data are stowed and deployed.(Gupta:2009)

ER-Diagram:

An entity relation diagram is the diagrammatic representation of data and information which is stored in database. It helps in viewing the data and information stored in the database.

Data Dictionary:

 “A data dictionary is a collection of description of the data objects or items in the data model for the benefit of the programmers and others who need to refer to them.” (TechTarget) For developing a program data model is used and data dictionary can be consulted to understand where a data item fits in the structure and what values it may contains. (TechTarget)

Difference between word processing software and desktop publishing software

The difference between word processing software and desktop publishing software are discussed below:

Word Processing Software	Desktop Publishing Software
1. It involves creation, editing, and printing of text	1.It involves production of documents that combines text with graphics.
2. Word Processing software are used for simple memos, letters, manuscripts and resumes.	2. Desktop publishing are used to work on things like newsletters, magazines, adverts, and brochures where layout is important.
3. Directly, text can be added.	3. Text frame must be added to add text.
4. Software’s such as Microsoft word and Open Office are used.	4. Software’s such as QuarkXPress 6.5 and 7.0 as well as Adobe InDesign CS and CS2 are used.
5. It is easier to use, in compare to desktop publishing software.	5. It is difficult to use, in compare to word processing software.

Software Testing

Testing:

It is the process of verifying the bugs in the software. After the development of the software, it is tested to ensure that the software is error free. Testing the software ensures the users that the software works properly and there will be no any error while running the software.

There are different types of testing. The types of testing are discussed below:

White Box Testing:

In white box testing all the source code need to be tested. It is necessary to have the detail knowledge of source code to the tester to have white box testing.

There are two types of white box testing which are discussed below:

Integration Testing:

Integration testing is the process of testing the combine part of the software to test if the software works together correctly.

Regression Testing:

Regression testing is the process of testing the software after adding the new feature on the software. When new feature is added in the software, then regression testing is done.

Unit Testing:

Unit testing is the process of testing the smallest part of the software. In object-oriented programming the methods are tested.

Black Box Testing:

In Black box testing, the output is tested. The tester does not have the access to the source code. Only the output is tested from the various aspects.

Merits of Black Box Testing:

·         There is no any requirement of source code.

·         Tested in the users perceptive.

·         No matter, if the tester doesn’t have the knowledge of programming language.

Demerits of Black Box Testing:

·         Testing would not be efficient as the tester wouldn’t have appropriate knowledge of software.

·         It is difficult to design test case.

·         If the software fails, the reason of failure will not be found.

Router

A network router is a device that connects two different network together. It filter and block the broadcasts, separate domains collision. Router, as a logical device, have the concept of a multihued server as their origin. Router is included in many server networking operating systems, including UNIX, LINUX and Windows servers.

Switch

A switch is a device which connects two or more network together. There are series of ports where different network cable would be accepted.

Hub

A hub is a device that connects the network segments of a LAN. It includes the series of ports which accepts the network cable.

Importance of Information and technology in today's world

Information and technology became the basic part of human life. In today's world access to the information makes anyone more powerful. Google,Facebook the leading companies in the sector of Information and technology are powerful because of the Information they do have. Privacy on information is one of the major issue in today's world.